Brick Work – Types, Bonds,Tests

INTRODUCTION

Construction evidences with brickwork from many parts of the world reflects the existence of brickwork even from prehistoric time and the

Delays On Construction Industry

Construction industry is an important element in the evolution of economy of a nation. Delays on construction projects are very common and listed as international catastrophe. Construction delays are defined as failure to keep up the project with planned contract schedule. Number of reasons exists to point out the reasons for delay in the field of construction. Proper identification of delay will mitigate the effects caused by those construction delays. This study research is to identify the major causes of delays, effects on construction project by those delays and finding the remedies to minimize those delays.

From the past researches and projects it is noted that the delays of construction projects are categorized into number of types such as critical or non critical, excusable or non excusable, concurrent or non concurrent and compensable or non compensable.

MECHANICAL COUPLERS

The general practice, in case, the length of the stocked rebars is not enough for the full length of the elements, lapping is required to join the bar lengths’ together. Provision of required lap length to the bars is necessary which is ensuring the maximum transmission of the load stresses from one bar to another.

THE PROBLEM WITH LAPPING BARS:

In the highly loaded structures, and/ or the section size to be kept being smaller for architectural purposes, the reinforcement will be congested in that section. So, lapping the bar at this state, will generate more unwanted stresses to the element at the lapping locations.

So mechanical couplers are used to join the rebars eliminating the extra bar size added to the section and also which is reducing the effectiveness of the section.

Standard Height Of Bathroom Fittings

Standard Bathroom Size:

The standard size of a combined bathroom(bath area, WC, and sink) is 5 ft x 8 ft. The ceiling height should be decent so that anyone can stand suitably for shower bath. The ceiling height should be a minimum of 7 feet.

Lap length,Development length, Lapping Zone, crank bar

1. Lapping length
2.Development Length (Ld)
3.Lapping Zone
4.Crank bar
5. Chair
6. Jackle

1. Lapping length (as per IS 456)

# In Tension Zone 
a. For flexural tension : Ld or 30D (where, Ld= development length &D= Dia of rebar in mm)
b. For Direct tension : 2Ld or 30D (where, Ld= development length &D= Dia of rebar in mm)

# In Compression Zone
Lap length= Development length  Ld , But not Less than 24D

Quantity and Rate Analysis for Reinforced Concrete Construction

Today we will see how to prepare rate analysis for Reinforced Concrete (RCC) work. First step to rate analysis is the estimation of labour, materials, equipments and miscellaneous items for particular quantity of reinforced concrete.

The second step is to determine the component of structure for which the RCC rate analysis is required, as the quantity of

Points to Remember for Civil Site Engineer

Following are few general points to remember for civil site engineers to make the construction work easier while maintaining quality of construction.

• Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.
• Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.
• For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.
• Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
• Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

Vastu tips for Building

                                             What is Vastu Shastra?

Vastu Shastra is an ancient Indian science of harmony and prosperous living by eliminating negative and enhancing positive energies around us. However, if you are familiar with vastu shastra, then read our article on application of vastu shastra in a
house and learn how to implement vastu in your home for a well balanced and happy life.

NBC (Nepal Building Codes) For Civil Engineers

Hi  blog viewers, This post is for the people who are looking for the Nepal Building Code Books specifically for  Nepalese Civil engineers. The best part of this post is you can view and download the all Civil engineering NBC-code books in PDF.

IS Codes (Indian Standard Codes) for Civil Engineering

Hi  blog viewers, This post is for the people who are looking for the Indian Standard Code Books specifically for Civil engineers. The best part of this post is you can view and download the all Civil engineering IS-code books in PDF.

Steps Involved in Mix Proportioning as per IS 10262:2009 (with solved example)

General Steps Involved in Mix Proportioning

Step 1. Choice of Slump

• Stiffest possible consistency that can be easily placed and compacted without segregation
• Pumping are typically designed for 100 mm to 150 mm slump

Step 2. Choice of Max. Size of Aggregate

• For given volume of coarse aggregate,

Step 3. Estimation of the mixing water content and air content

Depends on ,

• The maximum particle size of the aggregate
• Entrained air

IS Codes Used In Mix Proportioning

IS 456 : 2000

Code of Practice for Plain & Reinforced Concrete

Exposure Conditions

Table 5 – Minimum Cement Content & Max. w/c ratio

IS 10262: 2009

Mix Proportioning – Guidelines

Table 1 – Standard Deviation

Table 2 – Max. Water Content

Table 3 – Vol. fraction of Coarse Aggregates

Basic Knowledge for a Civil Site Engineer

A site engineer has to perform a lot of activities on the site. His/her role involves a lot of responsibility which includes giving sufficient advice and supervision when there are any technical issues, or for proper management and for the preparation of day to day reports of the construction works. There are some works which are recurring and hence a few tips might be useful for a civil engineer if they are remembered. They help in faster calculations as well as to address problems at the site.

How to check quality of Bricks on site

Bricks are building blocks of a structure. Brick is most extensively used materials of the building construction.

As an Engineer, you must know how to check the quality of bricks on site. A good quality of brick should be chemically inert that means it won’t show any reaction when it mixed with any material.

In this post, I am making you learn how to check the quality of bricks on site and what are the qualities of a good brick.

Different types floor on Building

Definition of Floor:-

The floor is a continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building. In other words, the surface of a room on which one stands. Generally, the building is vertically divided into floors for every 3m and it may also differ to several metres for high rise buildings. Here I am discussing the different types of floors terms which we generally use in Civil Engineering.

Dog legged Staircase and its design

Dog legged Stair Case:

Stairs provide access for the various floors of the building. The stair consists of series of steps(flight) with landings at appropriate intervals. Stairways are made up of individual steps. Each step consists of a tread and a riser. The tread is the flat part that you step on. The riser is the vertical(up and down) part between each tread in the stairway. 

Dog legged stair case is the most economical staircase.  These stairs are arranged with two adjacent flights running parallel with a mid landing. Where space is less, dog legged staircase is generally provided resulting in economical utilization of available space.  In this type of staircase landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the direction of the flight changes.

Staircase Concrete Volume Calculations

Doglegged Staircase:

The staircase provides access to the various floors of the building. It consists of a series of steps(flight) with the landing at appropriate intervals. Each step consists of a tread and riser. Tread is a flat part that you step on and riser is a vertical part between each tread in the staircase.

Unit Weight of Different Building Construction Materials

 What is the Unit Weight and Why it is important?

Unit Weight is also known as Specific weight. Unit weight is the weight of the material per unit volume. As we know that the volume is quantified in terms of litres or  m3 and weight is measured in terms of Kg or KN. The Unit weight of materials is the weight of material/unit volume which means the Unit weight is expressed in Kg/L or  KG/m3 or KN/m3.

For easy reference, we organized all the building materials unit weights in a table. This list is a collective effort. Give a thumbs up if you liked it. Bookmark the page and use the search if required.

Different types of levels in the building:-

Types of levels are generally depicted in AutoCAD drawings and they are used to make ease in understanding. The different types of levels in the building are:-

Plinth Level:-

The level at which Substructure ends and superstructure starts is called Plinth level. It is the part of the superstructure between natural ground level and Finished floor level. the plinth is provided to restrict the seepage of stormwater and rainwater into the building.

The plinth height is in between 300mm – 450 mm from ground level.
It is recommended that the minimum plinth height of 150 mm is adopted from the top of the road.

Types of Building Area in civil engineering

1. Plot Area:-

The area which is surrounded by a boundary line (fencing)  is called as Plot Area. In simple words, the total area which belongs to you in a city or town is termed as a Plot area. The term Plot area is majorly used in gated communities, townships and named as Plot Area 1, PA-2 etc. They are useful in identifying the plot of a particular individual.