Concrete check list before pouring beam/slab/column

Prepared by: - Er. Ghan Shyam Dhakal

1)      Check for slabs/Beam/Column

a.       Check the Beam/slab level in all direction.

b.      Shuttering surface must be sufficiently oiled.

c.       Distance between jacks (Profs) must be 1m not more than 1.2m.

d.      Joints should be covered by masking tape to avoid leakage of slurry.

2)      Check for Rebar

a.       Rebar should be as per as structural drawings.

b.      Dia. Of bars, crank length, size of beam, extra bar should be checked.

IELTS Vocabulary:

Presenting an argument

Read the text below, in which somebody is trying to decide whether to go straight to university from school, or spend a year travelling around the world. Put their argument into the correct order. The first one and last one have been done for you.

A) I'm ready in two minds about what to do when I leave school. Should I go straight to university or should I spend a year travelling around the world? (1)

B) It is often said that knowledge is the key to power, and I cannot disagree with this.

C) On the one hand, I would experience lots of different cultures.

D) Unfortunately, another point is that if I spent a year travelling I would need a lot of money.

E) And I'm not alone in this opinion. Many consider a sound career and a good salary to be an important goal.

IELTS WRITING TASK 1-Samples

The Writing Task 1 of the IELTS Academic test requires you to write a summary of at least 150 words in response to a particular graph (bar, line or pie graph), table, chart, or process (how something works, how something is done). This task tests your ability to select and report the main features, to describe and compare data, identify significance and trends in factual information, or describe a process.

Exam Preparation

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IELTS Writing Task 1

 #104

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The bar chart below shows shares of expenditures for five major categories in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in the year 2009.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.

Write at least 150 words.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #86

IELTS Tip

Always use the present tense to describe a table, unless it contains information about a time in the past or past dates, e.g. years, are used as categories.

Complete the description of the table using an appropriate word, words or number.

reasons for shopping at ASDA supermarket	no. of men	no. of women
close to home	25	20
good reputation	17	22
24-hour shopping	4	0
parking facilities	21	20
friendly staff	6	6
competitive prices	14	17

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #103

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows the percentage change in the share of international students among university graduates in different Canadian provinces between 2001 and 2006.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Source: Statistics Canada, Postsecondary Student Information System

IELTS Writing Task 1

IELTS Writing Task 1 #104

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The bar chart below shows shares of expenditures for five major categories in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in the year 2009.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.

Write at least 150 words.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Test Tip

In Writing Task 1, it is a good idea to end your answer by summarizing the main information shown by the diagram. You are not required to explain this information.

Read the following sample answer. Complete the answer by filling the gaps with the words in the box.

by contrast	indicates	lowest	compares
overall	whereas	except	higher
highest	however	largest	among

The bar chart compares how consumers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan allocated different shares of total spending to categories such as food, housing, and transportation in 2009.

We can see that the United States had the highest housing expenditure share, 26% of total expenditures in 2009. The United Kingdom and Japan followed, with 24% and 22%, respectively. Canada had the lowest housing share at 21%. Housing was the largest expenditure component in all countries except Japan.

By contrast, Canada had the largest transportation share of all four countries at 20%. The United States and the United Kingdom had the next-highest transportation shares, 17% and 15%, respectively. Japan had the lowest, at 10%.

However, in Japan, consumers spent 23% of their total expenditures on food in 2009. The United Kingdom had the second-highest share at 20%. Canada, with 15%, and the United States, with 14% had the lowest food expenditure shares among the countries studied.

Overall, the data indicates that housing and health care shares of total expenditures were higherin the United States than in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in 2009, whereas Americans had the lowest clothing share. Canada had the highest clothing and transportation shares, and Japan had the highest food share, among the countries compared.

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(214 words)

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #82

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The graph below shows the population figures of different types of turtles in India between 1980 and 2012.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

model answer:

The total number of all species of turtles in India has been relatively stable over the last two decades, although there were significant drops in numbers between 1987 and 1989 and again in 1992 and 1996. Since 2004 there has been an improvement in numbers of all species, although the graph shows a slight decrease in 2010.

In contrast, the population of Leatherback turtles has suffered a severe decline, particularly in 1988 when numbers fell dramatically. The rate of decline in the population appears to have slowed and it has remained relatively stable since 2009.

There was also a fall in the number of Green turtles of around 30% between 1984 and 2002. The population increased slightly in 2010 but it had dropped again by 2012.

It is only Olive Ridley turtles that have seen a steady increase in population over this period. Their numbers dropped slightly in 2007 and again in 2012 but the overall trend has been a positive one.

(162 words)

IELTS writting test 1

 #85

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below shows the number of medals won by the top ten countries in the London 2012 Olympic Games.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

London 2012 Olympic Games Medal Table
Rank by Gold	Country		Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1		United States	46	29	29	104
2		China	38	27	23	88
3		Great Britain	29	17	19	65
4		Russia	24	26	32	82
5		South Korea	13	8	7	28
6		Germany	11	19	14	44
7		France	11	11	12	34
8		Italy	8	9	11	28
9		Hungary	8	4	5	17
10		Australia	7	16	12	35

Source: http://www.london2012.com/medals/medal-count/

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #81

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The following diagram shows how greenhouse gases trap energy from the Sun.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.

Write at least 150 words.

Complete the answer by filling the gaps with a word or phrase from the box below.

lead to	release	result in	subsequently
fell	reach	less	decades
amounts	as a result of

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #104

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The bar chart below shows shares of expenditures for five major categories in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in the year 2009.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.

Write at least 150 words.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #93

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagrams below show UK students' responses to the question of to what extent would they describe themselves as financially organised.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

IELTS Writing Task 1:Pie chart

 #91

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The pie charts below give information about world population in 1900 and 2000.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

IELTS Writing Task 1:Map

 #105

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The map below is of the town of Canterbury. A new school (S) is planned for the area. The map shows two possible sites for the school.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #100

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagrams below give information on transport and car use in Edmonton.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

IELTS Writing Task 1: Process

 #92

IELTS Tip

1) Look carefully at the diagram and make sure you understand what it is about.
2) Use your answer sheet to make notes on, but remember to cross them out when you have finished your answer.
3) Begin your answer by writing a summary sentence to introduce what the diagram or flow chart is about.
4) Note that the passive is often used in this task.
5) Count approximately how many words you write.
6) You should try not to write too much!

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below shows the production of steam using a gas cooled nuclear reactor.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Model answer

A gas-cooled nuclear reactor consists of the reactor itself and a heat exchanger. The reactor contains uranium fuel elements which are surrounded by graphite moderators and topped by charge tubes for loading fuel elements, and boron control rods. The whole reactor is contained in a pressure vessel surrounded by a concrete shield.

From the reactor the hot gas flows through a duct into the heat exchanger which is outside the concrete radiation shielding. In the heat exchanger, steam is generated in a secondary loop. There a pipe brings in water which is heated to steam, and this then flows out to the turbo-alternator. Meanwhile the hot gas sinks to the bottom of the heat exchanger and passes through a gas blower which pushes it into a cool gas duct and back to the reactor.

As can be seen, this is a continuous cycle that keeps the reactor from overheating, while carrying away the heat and steam, which will power the turbines.

(161 words)

IELTS Writing Task 1

 #98

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The bar chart below gives information about the percentage of the population living in urban areas in the world and in different continents.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

IELTS WRITING

Task 1 #94

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows the percentage of male and female teachers in six different types of educational setting in the UK in 2010.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Test Tip

You only have 20 minutes to do Writing Task 1, so make sure the points you include are:

Relevant – you will waste time and lose marks if you don’t follow the instructions. Don’t speculate or add your own opinions.
Not repetitive – don’t say the same thing in different words, or write similar sentences about all the figures. Describe something different in every point. Make comparisons and describe trends rather than focus on individual numbers.
Accurate – giving the wrong information loses marks, so study the question carefully and interpret data or diagrams correctly.

model answer:

The bar chart gives information about the gender of teachers in six types of educational institutions in the UK in 2010. It shows what percentage of teachers was male and what percentage was female.

Women dominated the teaching profession in primary education, but less so at lower and upper secondary education. It was particularly true of nursery school, where the share of female teachers was above 95%. Similarly one-sided was the situation in primary school, where over 90% of teachers were also female.

At secondary and upper secondary level this pattern was less pronounced, where there were nearly equal proportions of male and female teachers. On the other hand, male teachers outnumbered female teachers in high-level education, where the proportion of men was twice that for women.

Overall, the higher the level of education, the more male teachers dominated, and the reverse occurred with respect to female teachers.

(150 words)

IELTS Writing Task 1

#99

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The line graph below gives information about the number of visitors to three London museums between June and September 2013.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

IELTS Vocabulary:

Describing & analysing tables

Look at the four tables below. These show demographic trends in four different countries between 1996 and 2000. The numbers on the left and right of each table show the number of people in millions.

Using the information in these tables, match sentences 1-13 with the appropriate country.

Number of people under 18 years of age	Number of people over 65 years of age	Number of deaths	Number of married people	Number of single people
Country 1: Lycia
Country 2: Cilica
Country 3: Moesia
Country 4: Cappadocia

1) In which two countries was there a considerable discrepancy between married and single people between 1996 and 1998?

a) Cilicia and Cappadocia

2) In which country was there a constant and considerable discrepancy between married and single people over the five-year period?

a) Cappadocia

3) In which country was there a sudden and noticeable difference between those under 18 and those over 65 in 1998?

a) Lycia

4) In which country did the number of under-18s rise dramatically between 1996 and 2000?

a) Moesia

5) In which country did the number of under-18s increase slightly between 1996 and 2000?

a) Cappadocia

6) In which country did the number of over-65s go up sharply between 1996 and 1998?

a) Moesia

7) In which country did the number of married people decline over the five-year period?

a) Lycia

8) In which country did the number of deaths decrease significantly between 1996 and 1999?

a) Moesia

9) In which country was there a slight decline in the number of married people between 1998 and 1999?

a) Moesia

10) In which country was there a sharp drop in the number of under-18s between 1997 and 1998?

a) Lycia

11) In which country was there a slight reduction in the number of deaths over the five-year period?

a) Lycia

12) In which country was there a significant increase in the number of deaths between 1998 and 2000?

a) Cilicia

13) In which country did the number of deaths remain constant over the five-year period?

a) Cappadocia

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